Test and Thoughts on Western Civilization!

Today in class, we took the test on the 'Renaissance and Reformation' slide, also on the 'Luther and the Reformation' slide. Before we the tests were handed out, Mr. Schick allowed us to study for it. To be honest, I was pretty nervous to take it because I didn't get much time to study, due to studying for the Spanish exam. But I did have an off mod before the class, so I took that time to study. Then, the tests were handed out to each student. As soon as I received the test, I knew the first like 3 or 4 answers, which was a good sign. Overall the test was really easy to me, I only didn't know the answers to like 2 or 3 questions, which I took an educated guess on. So, I hope that this quiz will raise my grade up as much as I want it to. Besides the test, the teacher wanted each of the students to take time to talk about the class and what was good in it and what needed to be worked on. First off, I think that it would be nice if the blogs were worth a couple more points, they could really help a lot of people out by doing that. One good thing about this class is how we take our time to go over tests and quizzes, so if we get an answer wrong, we can learn from our mistakes. One more thing I need to add is that I think Mr. Schick should create more quizzes that aren't worth that many points. This could help the class because, having a couple small quizzes between the tests, help you study for a shorter time period, plus you already have a platform to study from. That is all I really have to comment on about this class.

More notes on Luther and the Reformation

Today in class, we took the last couple notes on the remaining slides on 'The Luther and Reformation' PowerPoint. The students also have a test tomorrow on this topic, including topics associating with the Renaissance. Pushback from the Church. Luther's ideas are becoming popular, so the Church criticizes him and his "heretical" ideas. Luther suggests Christians drive the Pope from the Church by force! In 1520, Pope Leo X issues a decree threatening Luther excommunication unless he takes back his statements. Luther throws the Pope's decree into a bonfire in front of a huge crowd of cheering people. Pope Leo X eventually excommunicates Luther. The Holy Roman Emperor gets involved. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V is a devout Christian who wants Luther to recant. Luther refuses, so Charles orders Luther put "on trial" at the Diet of Worms. ("Diet") means assembly or convention": "Worms" is a city in Germany. Monk on the run. Because of his lack of repentance, Luther is declared "an outlaw and a heretic" and he "escapes" from Worms. He is to be arrested on sight. It was a crime to give Luther food or shelter. His writings are banned, his books are to be burned. Anyone could kill Luther without legal consequence. Prince Frederick hides Luther away in his castle for a year. The Birth of Lutherans (and Protestants). When Luther returned to Wittenburg, many of his ideas/reforms were being put into practice. Some of his followers had formed a separate religious group called Lutherans. But some princes were still loyal to the Pope. The word Catholic is a term meaning "universal" or "whole". Those were all of the notes that I had written in my book, that I will be studying for the test tomorrow. All we did in class was take notes and work on our blogs.

Notes on Luther and the Reformation!

Today in class, Mr. Schick introduced the students to a new PowerPoint on Luther and the Reformation. We took many notes on these slides that we need to study for the test. Luther and the Reformation. The Church is weakened and vulnerable. Here's why. Socially: The Renaissance emphasis on the secular (worldly) and the individual challenged Church authority. Politically: some rulers (especially the Germans) began to challenge the Church's political power. Economically: northern merchants resented paying Church taxes to Rome. What's So Wrong with the Church? Corrupt leadership. Renaissance- era popes spent on personal pleasure. Pope Alexander VI said he fathered several children. Many priests and monks were poorly educated. How can you teach if you can barely read? Some priests broke their vows, they got married/had children. Some priests drank to excess, many gambled. But mostly, indulgences. The selling of indulgences (pardons) "releases a sinner from performing the penalty a priest imposed for sins". Johann Tetzer was a monk who sold indulgences to help rebuild St. Peter's Cathedral. A monk named Martin Luther objected to this practice. So, who is this "Martin Luther"? Formative Years. Martin Luther was born in Germany in 1483. He attends the University of Erfurt (he called it a beerhouse and a whorehouse). After getting his degree he enrolls in law school (his father's wish). As people are dying of the plague (which they "deserve"). ZAP! Everything changes with a bolt of lightning. Martin was on his way back to school after a visit home (he was 21). He got struck by lightning and knocked off his horse. He then decided to become a monk. Monk-y Business. Two weeks later, Martin drops out of law school. 1504- he joins an Augustinian monastery. 1507- ordained a priest. 1508- teaching theology at the University of Wittenberg. 1512- he becomes a Doctor of Theology. Martin Luther gets mad at the Church. Luther thinks Tetzer is a "pardon-merchant". Martin came up with 95 objections to the Church of "doing business". He nails them to the church door in Wittenburg on Halloween. Known as the "95 Theses". The Church is Going to need Aloe for this Burn. The "95 Theses" document was copied and taken to a printer. Luther says the Church needs to be Reformed. "Reformed"="Reformation". People win salvation by faith in God's gift of forgiveness. All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. All people with faith is equal. People do not need priests to interpret the Bible for them. Those were all the notes that I had written down in my book based on the slideshow. That is all we did today in Western Civilization. 

Questions on page 494

Questions:

1. indulgence- A pardon that released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins. Indulgences were not supposed to affect God's right to judge.

Reformation- A movement for religious freedom. It led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope's authority.

Lutheran- Luther and his followers had become a separate religious group, called Lutherans.

Protestant- In 1592, German princes who remained loyal to the pope agreed to join forces against Luther's ideas. Those princes who supported Luther signed a protest against that agreement. These protesting princes came to be known as Protestants. Eventually, the term Protestant was applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches.

Peace of Augsburg- The princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state. This famous religious settlement was known as the Peace of Augsburg.

annul- The pope could annul, or set aside, Henry's marriage if proof could be found that it had never been legal in the first place. In 1527, Henry asked the pope to annul his marriage, but the pope turned him done.

3. The renaissance values of Humanism and secularism led people to question the church. The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church. Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe. Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority. European princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth. Merchants and other resented having to pay taxes to the Church.

4. Protestantism is a branch of Christianity. It developed out of the Reformation. There were three distinct branches of Protestantism that emerged at first. There were Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicansim. It spread throughout Europe and then later the whole world. As there were differences in beliefs that developed, new denominations were formed.

Questions on page 485 and notes

 

Questions:

1. utopia- In Greek, this word means "no place." It has come to mean an ideal place as depicted in More's book. In Utopia, because there was little greed, Utopians had little use for money.

William Shakespeare- The most famous writer of the Elizabethan Age. Many people regard he am the greatest playwright of all time. He was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon.

Johann Gutenberg- A craftsman from Mainz, Germany who developed a printing press that incorporated a number of technologies in a new way.

3. He was the only artist who drew things as they really were and drew living things. He was also one of the only artists who drew animals such as his famous painting "yonug hare". 

4. Art, because artists started to draw and paint things and depict them as they really are, such as the Mona Lisa who was painted exactly how she looked, and it is known that the eyes follow you. 

5. Printing changed society by making information inexpensive and available enough for society at large. Greater availability of books led to a greater quest for knowledge and literacy. Published maps and charts led to great discoveries in a variety of fields. People began to question political structures and religious practices.

Notes: 

A super-patron: Isabella d' Este. Educated, brilliant, gifted singer, lute player, innovative dancer. Wealthy, powerful parents. Sponsored painters, sculptors, musicians, writers, architects. Fashionista designed her own perfume. Patron of Davinci, Raphael, and many others. What patronage got you. Nativity, by Antonio de Correggio. 1529-1530. 101 inches, by 74 inches (8 1/2 feet by 6+ feet). Evolving values...Humanism. A deep interest in what people have already achieved, as well as what they are capable of achieving in the future. Not a coincidence that humanism resembles the Greek ideas of the arete. Classical writings were important to them. Wordly values were essential-concerned with the here and now. Christian values were still important but different from secular values. "Renaissance Man," "Renaissance Woman". Someone who could master fields of work. Example of Renaissance Woman: Isabella d' Este. The ultimate Renaissance Man: Leonardo da Vinci. Painter, scientist, inventor. Artistic styles and methods- sculpture. Sculptures made realistic figures, such as the Pieta. Carved from marble by Michelangelo from 1498-1499. Artistic styles and methods- painting. Painters used perspective- using shadow and depth to create the illusion of three dimensions. They sometimes painted Frescoes...A technique of mural painting executed freshly-laid, wet ink plaster. The pigments merge with the plaster. Artistic styles and methods- literature. Writers wrote in the vernacular- their native language. The writing was in Latin or Greek. Latin was more accessible to masses. Shakespeare wrote in English. Dante wrote about hell in Italian. Niccolo wrote in Italian as well. Those were all the notes that I took today in class, they are a little hard to comprehend due to the way the PowerPoint was formatted. 

Notes on Renaissance and Reformation

Today in class, Mr. Schick allowed some of the students who didn't complete the last textbook assignment to finish it. I was already done the assignment, so during this time, I chose to get started on my blog. Although the teacher gives us the whole class time to do our blogs, he only gave us a short amount of time today. I was not able to finalize my blog in class, so I am doing it now for homework. We also took notes on a new topic, which we will be tested on in a couple weeks. European Renaissance and Reformation. Northern Italy: birthplace of the Renaissance. Renaissance=rebirth (rebirth of art and learning). Cities were the center of the action. Milan and France had wealthy merchants and bankers. Artists were inspired by a former splendor of Greece and Rome. Merchants and the Medici. Merchants dominated political life. The Medici were a powerful banking family. They paid artists, writers, and musicians to create works of art. They were patrons. Those were all of the notes that we took in class, and that is mostly all we did today.

Test Review

Questions:

1. Renaissance- A movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome.

humanism- A belief that emphasizes faith and optimism in human potential and creativity.

secular- Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters.

patron- A person who provides financial support for the arts.

perspective- Point of view.

vernacular- Every day of the language of ordinary people.

3. Man- renaissance writers introduced the idea that all educated people were expected to create art. The ideal individual strove to master "universal man. Later ages called such people "Renaissance man". Woman- the upper-class woman also should know the classics and be charming. But not meant to seek fame. They needed to inspire art, but rarely create it. The upper-class woman was better educated than a medieval woman.

4. Thriving cities, a wealthy merchant class, and the classical heritage of ancient Greece.

5. They beautified Rome and other cities by spending huge amounts of the arts. They became patrons by financially supporting artists.