Questions on page 494

Questions:

1. indulgence- A pardon that released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins. Indulgences were not supposed to affect God's right to judge.

Reformation- A movement for religious freedom. It led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope's authority.

Lutheran- Luther and his followers had become a separate religious group, called Lutherans.

Protestant- In 1592, German princes who remained loyal to the pope agreed to join forces against Luther's ideas. Those princes who supported Luther signed a protest against that agreement. These protesting princes came to be known as Protestants. Eventually, the term Protestant was applied to Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches.

Peace of Augsburg- The princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state. This famous religious settlement was known as the Peace of Augsburg.

annul- The pope could annul, or set aside, Henry's marriage if proof could be found that it had never been legal in the first place. In 1527, Henry asked the pope to annul his marriage, but the pope turned him done.

3. The renaissance values of Humanism and secularism led people to question the church. The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church. Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe. Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority. European princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth. Merchants and other resented having to pay taxes to the Church.

4. Protestantism is a branch of Christianity. It developed out of the Reformation. There were three distinct branches of Protestantism that emerged at first. There were Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicansim. It spread throughout Europe and then later the whole world. As there were differences in beliefs that developed, new denominations were formed.